And It's About Time There Was Some Support For Cushing's!
Adapted from http://www.medowbraun.com/WWAWP/WWAWP.EXE/CONNECT/emper4
A | B | C | E | F |
Test Name | Normal Values | Notes | Higher can mean: | Lower can mean: | ||||||||||||||||
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Adrenocorticotropin {ACTH} | normal value US: 8 - 120 pg/ml normal value SI: 1.8 - 26 pmol/L |
Corticotropin {ACTH} levels normally fluctuate in a diurnal pattern with early morning levels being 40-50% greater than late evening levels. | Addison's
disease adrenal hyperplasia {congenital} Cushing's disease associated with adrenal adenoma cushinoid syndrome ectopic ACTH syndrome hyperaldosteronism Nelson's syndrome |
adrenocortical hypofunction {secondary} Cushing's disease associated with adrenal adenoma Cushing's syndrome associated with nodular hyperplasia hypopituitarism |
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Albumin |
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albumin is synthesized in the liver; the half life of albumin is 20 days; the only causes of increased albumin are dehydration and multiple myeloma; decreases in serum albumin are often associated with a poor prognosis; is the major determinant of oncotic pressure in plasma; transport bilirubin, bile acids, drugs. |
viral infections with tissue necrosis Multiple myeloma renal disease tissue necrosis dehydration DRUGS: progesterone |
AIDS alcoholism amyloidosis analbuminemia cancer cardiac valvular disease cirrhosis congestive heart failure constrictive pericarditis Crohn's disease Cushing's disease enteric disease exfoliative dermatitis hepatic disease hepatic failure hepatitis alcoholic Hodgkin's disease hypoalbuminemia hypoproteinemia {familial idiopathic} Kala-azar lymphoma malabsorption neoplasia nephrotic syndrome parasitic disease pre-eclampsia rheumatic diseases serositis skin loss subacute bacterial endocarditis thyroid disease thyrotoxicosis ulcerative colitis vasculitis Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia blood loss burns {third-degree} dilution due to IV fluids fever fluid replacement immobilization bacterial infection malnutrition paracentesis pregnancy thorocentesis transudation or exudation from any hollow organ or epithelial surface trauma {crush injuries} DRUGS: antimetabolite drugs oral contraceptives |
Test Name | Normal Values | Notes | Higher can mean: | Lower can mean: |
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Basophil | basophil: 0.3% | basophils are a type of granulytic white blood cell tha tmakes up less than 1% of the total number of leukocytes. Despite their small numbers, they are a necessary component of the body's non-specific immune response to inflammation by releasing histamine and other chemicals which then act on blood vessels. |
allergic reactions anemia {chronic hemolytic} basopenia hypothyroidism leukemia {basophilic} leukemia chronic granulocytic leukemia {chronic myeloid} myxedema polycythemia vera ulcerative colitis hypersensitivity reactions leukocytosis {basophilic} post-splenectomy urticaria DRUGS: radiation |
hyperthyroidism infection stress DRUGS: glucocorticoid {chronic} |
Bicarbonate | normal value US: 20 - 26 mmol/L normal value SI: 20 - 26 mmol/L |
maintains acid base homeostasis |
metabolic alkalosis respiratory acidosis {compensation} DRUGS: barbiturates corticosteroids diuretics laxative {overdose} morphine |
diabetic ketoacidosis renal tubular acidosis diarrhea lactic acidosis metabolic acidosis respiratory alkalosis {compensation} DRUGS: acetazolamide ammonium chloride cholestyramine cyclosporine ethylene glycol methanol paraldehyde phenformin salicylates {chronic} |
Blood Urea Nitrogen {B.U.N.} | normal value US: 8 - 18mg/dL normal value SI: 3 - 6.5mmol/L |
Addison's disease cancer {prostate} catabolic states congestive heart failure Cushing's disease diabetic coma glomerular diseases glomerulonephritis hyperthyroidism muscle mass {decreased} muscle necrosis obstructive uropathy pancreatitis porphyria postrenal azotemia prerenal azotemia pyelonephritis renal artery stenosis renal disease renal disease {obstructive} renal failure renal vein thrombosis thyrotoxicosis tissue necrosis urinary tract obstruction blood volume {decreased} burns {third-degree} dehydration diarrhea gastrointestinal bleeding hyperalimentation hyperthermia hypotension hypovolemic shock ketoacidosis myocardial infarction postoperatively protein catabolism {increased} protein diet {excessive} shock starvation stress sweating {excessive} tissue damage trauma {frontal lobe} urea load {increased} vomiting {excessive} DRUGS: acetaminophen {overdose} acetazolamide allopurinol aminocaproic acid aminoglycosides aminopyrine amphotericin B antimony arsenic aspirin benzene bismuth boric acid cadmium capreomycin captopril carbamazepine carbon tetrachloride cephalosporins cisplatin colistin copper corticosteroids cotrimoxazole cyclophosphamide dextran diuretics {thiazide} ethylene glycol foscarnet furosemide gentamicin gold ifosfamide indomethacin iron lead lithium mannitol mercurials methotrexate methoxyflurane methyldopa mitomycin nitrosoureas NSAID penicillamine penicillin pentamidine phenacetin phenindione plicamycin polymyxin B probenecid propranolol quinine radio contrast media rifampin salicylates silver spironolactone steroids streptozocin sulfonamides tetrachloroethylene tetracycline thallium thyroid hormones thyroxine {overdose} triamterene uranium vancomycin zoxazolamine |
acromegaly eclampsia hepatic disease hepatic failure hepatitis protein utilization {increased} renal failure renal tubular necrosis {acute} rhabdomyolysis SIADH carbohydrate diet {excessive} convalescence dialysis IV feedings infancy malnutrition overhydration pregnancy pregnancy 3rd trimester protein intake {decreased} DRUGS: chloramphenicol cimetidine growth hormone insulin steroids streptomycin tetracycline trimethoprim |
Test Name | Normal Values | Notes | Higher can mean: | Lower can mean: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Calcium, total serum
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the most common causes of
hypercalcemia are primary hyperparathyroidism, malignancy, drug induced. acute management is warranted if severe symptoms are exhibited or if serum calcium is greater than 12 mg/dL. the first step in treatment is ECF volume replacement with 9% sodium chloride. Hypercalcemia: |
AIDS acromegaly Addison's disease Addison's disease {acute} aluminum bone disease berylliosis cancer cancer {bladder} cancer {breast} cancer {cervical} cancer {esophageal} cancer {gastrointestinal} cancer {head and neck} cancer {liver} cancer {lung} cancer {pancreatic} cancer {prostate} cancer {renal} chondrosarcoma coccidioidomycosis histoplasmosis hypercalcemia of infancy hypercalcemia {familial and benign} hyperparathyroidism {primary} hyperparathyrodism {secondary} hyperthyroidism hypocalciuric hypercalcemia {familial} inflammatory disorders leukemia lymphoma milk-alkali syndrome multiple myeloma neoplastic disease osteolytic bone metastases Paget's disease pheochromocytoma polycythemia vera renal failure rhabdomyolysis sarcoidosis thyroid tumor thyrotoxicosis tuberculosis tubular necrosis {acute} vipomas dehydration hypercalcemia immobilization parenteral nutrition DRUGS: androgens antacids {calcium} carlusterone chlorpropamide danazol diethylstilbestrol diuretics {thiazide} ergocalciferol ethacrynic acid fat emulsions furosemide isotretinoin lithium parathyroid hormone progesterone radiation tamoxifen testolactone theophylline vitamin A {overdose} vitamin D {overdose} |
alcoholism anterior pituitary hypofunction cirrhosis cystinosis DiGeorge's syndrome hemosiderosis hepatic disease hypoalbuminemia hypocalcemia {chronic} hypoparathyroidism leprosy metastases osteomalacia pancreatitis pseudohypoparathyroidism renal failure renal tubular disease {distal} renal tubular disease {proximal} rickets vitamin D disorder Wilson's disease diarrhea {severe} hyperphosphatemia hypomagnesemia malnutrition neonatal prematurity parathyroidectomy transfusions {multiple} vitamin D deficiency DRUGS: albuterol alprostadil aminoglycosides anticonvulsants asparaginase barbiturates bisphosphonates calcitonin carbamazepine carbenoxolone carboplatin colchicine corticosteroids diuretics diuretics {loop} ergocalciferol estrogen ethacrynic acid ethylene glycol fluoride furosemide gastrin glucagon glucose glutethimide I{131} treatment indapamide insulin isoniazid laxative {overdose} magnesium methicillin oxalate phenytoin phosphate plicamycin protein saline sulfates tetracycline |
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Chloride {serum} | normal value US: 98-107mEq/L normal value SI: 95-105mmol/L |
Cushing's disease diabetes diabetes insipidus eclampsia hyperparathyrodism {primary} obstructive uropathy polycystic kidney disease pyelonephritis renal failure {acute} renal tubular acidosis dehydration {severe} diarrhea hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis hyperventilation metabolic acidosis respiratory alkalosis trauma {head} DRUGS: acetazolamide androgens cholestyramine cortisone diazoxide diuretics {thiazide} estrogen guanethidine methyldopa NSAID oxyphenbutazone phenylbutazone salicylates {overdose} sodium chloride triamterene |
Addison's disease Bartter's syndrome cerebral salt wasting after head injury chloride losing enteropathy {congenital} congestive heart failure Cushing's disease hyperaldosteronism intermittent porphyria {acute} pyloric stenosis salt depletion salt losing nephropathies SIADH Zollinger Ellison syndrome burns diarrhea edema extracellular fluid volume expansion hypokalemia associated with alkalosis hypotonic solutions {overdose} metabolic alkalosis nasogastric suction nutritional deficiency overhydration respiratory acidosis sweating {cystic fibrosis patients} sweating {excessive} vomiting {excessive} water intoxication DRUGS: aldosterone bicarbonate bumetanide carbenoxolone corticotropin diuretics diuretics {thiazide} ethacrynic acid furosemide hydrochlorothiazide laxative {overdose} mannitol metolazone theophylline triamterene |
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Cholesterol {LDL} | normal value US: <130 mg/dL normal value SI: 1.3 - 4.9 mmol/L LDL cholesterol=[{total C} - {HDL-C} - {TG mg/dL/5}] |
note: when TG are greater than 400mg/dl, this equation is not valid | anorexia
nervosa corneal arcus coronary heart disease {premature} Cushing's disease diabetes hepatic disease hypercholesterolemia {familial} hyperlipoproteinemia secondary to hypothyroidism hyperlipoproteinemia type III and IV hyperlipoproteinemia {primary} hypertriglyceridemia nephrotic syndrome obesity porphyria renal failure tendon xanthoma tuberous xanthoma cholesterol excessive exercise {decreased} pregnancy saturated fats {excessive} smoking DRUGS: aspirin beta blockers catecholamines chenodiol corticosteroids cyclosporine danazol diuretics {thiazide} etretinate glucocorticoids isotretinoin oral contraceptives phenothiazines progestins steroids sulfonamides |
anemia
{chronic} chronic obstructive pulmonary disease {COPD} hyperlipoproteinemia {type 1} hyperthyroidism hypoalphalipoproteinemia {primary} inflammatory joint disease lipoprotein lipase cofactor {apo C II} deficiency malabsorption Multiple myeloma Reye's syndrome Tangier disease burns diet {excessive polyunsaturated fat} diet {low saturated fat low cholesterol} malnutrition stress DRUGS: atorvastatin cerivastatin colestipol cholestyramine clofibrate cyproterone doxazosin estrogen fluvastatin gemfibrozil HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors inteferon interleukin ketoconazole lovastatin neomycin niacin nicotinic acid pravastatin prazosin probucol simvastatin terazosin thyroxine |
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Cholesterol {total} |
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note: the listed normal values are based on the US population LDL cholesterol- [{0.16xTG} +HDL cholesterol}] note when TG are greater than 400mg/dl, this equation is not accurate. |
A-globulin in systemic lupus
erythematous {increased} abetalipoproteinemia alcoholism analbuminemia anorexia nervosa cancer {pancreas/prostate} cholestasis cirrhosis {biliary} coronary heart disease diabetes glomerulonephritis glycogen storage disease gout hypercalcemia {idiopathic} hypercholesterolemia {familial} hypercholesterolemia {primary} hyperlipidemia hyperlipoproteinemia types III and IV hyperlipoproteinemia {primary} hypothyroidism intermittent porphyria {acute} lipoproteinemias nephrotic syndrome obesity renal failure Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia Werner's syndrome hGH deficiency cholesterol {excessive} hemolyzed sample pregnancy saturated fats {excessive} DRUGS: amiodarone androgens ascorbic acid beta blockers beta hydroxysterols bile salts catecholamines chenodeoxycholic acid chenodiol chlorpromazine corticosteroids cyclosporine disulfiram diuretics epinephrine ergocalciferol {overdose} etretinate glucocorticoids isotretinoin levodopa miconazole oral contraceptives salicylates thiouracils |
abetalipoproteinemia anemia anemia {megaloblastic} anemia {pernicious} anemia {sideroblastic} Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome cancer {liver} chronic obstructive pulmonary disease {COPD} hepatic disease hepatocellular disease hyperthyroidism hypobetalipoproteinemia {familial} hypolipoproteinemia intestinal lymphangiectasia malabsorption mental retardation rheumatoid arthritis Tangier disease thalassemia hGH deficiency burns {third-degree} cholesterol {excessive} diet {low cholesterol and high polyunsaturated} infection malnutrition myocardial infarction DRUGS: asparaginase aspirin atorvastatin carbutamide cerivastatin chlortetracycline cholestyramine clofibrate clomiphene clonidine colchicine colestipol cyproterone dextrothyroxine doxazosin estrogen fenfluramine gemfibrozil glucagon HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors haloperidol heparin hydralazine interferon kanamycin ketoconazole {overdose} lovastatin neomycin niacin nicotinic acid phenytoin pravastatin prazosin probucol thyroxine |
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Cortisol {total, plasma} |
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Corticotropin {ACTH} levels normally fluctuate in a diurnal pattern with early morning levels being 40-50% greater then late evening levels. Loss of diurnal pattern is often seen in patients with Cushing's syndrome. Cortisol secretion does not change with age. |
adrenal hyperplasia {congenital} adrenal neoplasm cancer {adrenal} cancer {lung} Cushing's disease depression ectopic ACTH syndrome hepatic disease hyperthyroidism obesity hypoglycemia pregnancy smoking stress DRUGS: alcohol amphetamines corticotropin cortisone estrogen hydrocortisone interferon mepacrine methoxamine metoclopramide naloxone oral contraceptives quinacrine spironolactone vasopressin |
Addison's disease adrenal hyperplasia {congenital} adrenal insufficiency cirrhosis hepatitis histoplasmosis hypopituitarism hypothyroidism tuberculosis DRUGS: aminoglutethimide androgens beclomethasone betamethasone valerate danazol dexamethasone etomidate glucocorticoids ketoconazole levodopa lithium methylprednisolone metyrapone morphine phenytoin trilostane |
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Creatinine {serum} |
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for each 50% reduction in GRF, serum creatinine approximately doubles creatinine is not a sensitive indicator of early renal disease. creatinine is a product of creatine metabolism of muscle; its production is directly dependent on muscle mass. |
acromegaly alcoholism azotemia congestive heart failure diabetic ketoacidosis giantism hemolysis hyperlipidemia hyperthyroidism lupus nephritis nephritis porphyria renal blood flow {reduced} renal failure renal failure {acute} Reye's syndrome rhabdomyolysis stroke uremia urinary tract obstruction carbon monoxide poisoning dehydration diet consisting of meat hypothermia ketonemia shock trauma DRUGS: acetaminophen {overdose} acetazolamide aminocaproic acid aminoglycosides aminopyrine amphotericin B antimony arsenic aspirin barbiturates benzene bismuth boric acid cadmium capreomycin captopril carbon tetrachloride cefaclor {falsely elevates lab value} cefamandole {falsely elevates lab value} cefazolin {falsely elevated lab value} cefoxitin {falsely elevates lab value} cephalexin {falsely elevates lab value} cephalothin {falsely elevates lab value} cephradine {falsely elevates lab value} cimetidine cisplatin colistin copper cotrimoxazole cyclophosphamide cyclosporine dextran diuretics diuretics {thiazide} ethylene glycol foscarnet fructose furosemide glucose gold guanidine HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors ifosfamide iron lead levodopa lithium lomustine mannitol mercurials methotrexate methoxyflurane methyldopa mitomycin nitrofurantoin NSAID penicillamine penicillin pentamidine phenacetin phenindione phenylbutazone phenytoin plicamycin polymyxin B pyruvate quinine radio contrast media rifampin salicylates semustine silver streptozocin sulfonamides tetrachloroethylene tetracycline thallium triamterene trimethoprim uranium vancomycin vitamin C zoxazolamine |
cachexia hepatic disease muscle mass {decreased} amputees debilitation elderly pregnancy 1st or 2nd trimester small muscle mass |
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Creatinine clearance {adults} | normal value US: 75 - 125 ml/min |
anemia catabolic states hypothyroidism nephritis porphyria renal failure renal tubular necrosis {acute} burns cardiac output {high} exercise pregnancy protein diet {excessive} DRUGS: amino acids carbenoxolone carbon monoxide poisoning diuretics furosemide levodopa methylprednisolone |
Addison's
disease amyloidosis chronic obstructive pulmonary disease {COPD} congestive heart failure cystinosis eclampsia glomerulonephritis hepatic failure interstitial nephritis intrinsic renal disease malaria multiple myeloma nephrotic syndrome pre-eclampsia pyelonephritis renal artery obstruction renal blood flow {reduced} renal disease tubular dysfunction {acute} vitamin D resistant rickets Wilson's disease blood loss dehydration {severe} shock DRUGS: 5-flucytosine acetaminophen acetazolamide amikacin aminocaproic acid aminoglycosides aminopyrine amphotericin B antimony arsenic benzene bismuth boric acid cadmium capreomycin captopril carbon tetrachloride cephalosporins cimetidine cisplatin colistin copper cotrimoxazole cyclophosphamide cyclosporine dextran diuretics {thiazide} ethylene glycol foscarnet gentamicin gold guanidine ifosfamide iron kanamycin lead lithium lomustine mannitol mercurials methotrexate methoxyflurane methyldopa mitomycin neomycin nephrotoxic drugs NSAID penicillamine penicillin pentamidine phenacetin phenindione phenytoin plicamycin quinine radio contrast media rifampin salicylates semustine silver streptomycin streptozocin sulfonamides tetrachloroethylene tetracycline thallium tobramycin triamterene trimethoprim uranium vancomycin zoxazolamine |
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Creatine kinase isoenzyme, MB | normal value US: 0 - 121 U/L normal value SI: 0 - 0.2 mckat/L |
most laboratories have a normal MB range of zero, as most patients usually only have MM. The most common cause of increased MB is acute myocardial infarction. | angina pectoris {unstable} arrhythmias {protracted} cardiomyopathy circulatory failure diabetic ketoacidosis Duchenne's muscular dystrophy hypothyroidism malignant hyperthermia muscular dystrophy myocarditis pericarditis polymyositis pulmonary embolism renal failure Reye's syndrome rhabdomyolysis stroke uremia cardiac surgery exercise {excessive} hyperthermia hypothermia infection {heart} infection {skeletal muscle} myocardial infarction poisoning shock trauma {cardiac} DRUGS: carbon monoxide poisoning cocaine |
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Creatine phosphokinase {CPK} | normal value Us: 24 - 195 U/L normal value SI: 24 - 195 U/L |
the normal value for a newborn can be up to 10 times that of the adult value. At four days, this value drops to approximately 3 times that of the adult value. CPK is found in the following: brain tissue, heart muscle and skeletal muscle. CPK becomes elevated 3 to 4 hours following a myocardial infarction and peaks between 15 - 30 hours. CPK is also known as creatine kinase. | alcoholism amyotrophic lateral sclerosis arrhythmias cancer cancer {bladder} cancer {gastrointestinal} cancer {prostate} congestive heart failure delirium tremens dermatomyositis diabetic ketoacidosis hemolysis hypothyroidism malignant hyperthermia muscular dystrophies {progressive} myocarditis polymyositis pulmonary edema pulmonary embolism Reye's syndrome rhabdomyolysis Rocky mountain spotted fever seizures {tonic-clonic} stroke tetanus uremia cardioversion childbirth coughing {severe} exercise {excessive} external cardioversion halofenate hyperthermia hypothermia infection intramuscular injections myocardial infarction poisoning psychotic reactions {acute} seizure selenium deficiency shock {severe} surgery tachycardia trauma trauma {head} DRUGS: alcohol aminocaproic acid amphotericin B barbiturates {overdose} bucindolol captopril carbenoxolone carbon monoxide poisoning carbromol clofibrate clonidine cocaine codeine colchicine cyclopropane dexamethasone diethylether digoxin ethchlorvynol furosemide gemfibrozil glutethimide HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors haloperidol halothane heroin imipramine isotretinoin labetalol lidocaine lithium meperidine morphine mycotoxic drugs penicillamine perphenazine phencyclidine phenobarbital pindolol prochlorperazine propranolol quinidine succinylcholine tricyclic antidepressants |
hyperthyroidism myocarditis immobilization {excessive} small muscle mass DRUGS: cocaine |
Test Name | Normal Values | Notes | Higher can mean: | Lower can mean: |
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Eosinophil | eosinophil: 1% - 5% | eosinophyls are a type of granulocytic white blood cell, known to destroy parasitic organisms in the body and aid in allergic reactions. Eosinophils are recognized by their polymorphic nucleus cytoplasmic granules which stain with eosin or other acid strains. Eosinophils demonstrate diurnal variation {lowest in the morning and highest in the evening}. Eosinophilia in bronchial asthma argues against concomitant infection. | allergic
diseases anemia {pernicious} angioneurotic edema anisakiasis aspergillosis {allergic bronchopulmonary} asthma atheroembolic renal disease atopic dermatitis cancer chorea coccidioidomycosis collagen vascular disease eczema exfoliative dermatitis hay fever Hodgkin's disease hypereosinophilic syndrome inflammatory bowel disease leukemia {chronic myeloid} Loeffler's syndrome |
Cushing's
disease hyperadrenalism DRUGS: corticotropin epinephrine glucocorticoids methysergide niacin procainamide |
Test Name | Normal Values | Notes | Higher can mean: | Lower can mean: |
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Folic acid | normal value US: 5 - 25 ng/ml normal value SI: 11 - 57 nmol/L |
folate deficiency is most common in alcoholic liver disease, pregnancy, and the
elderly. Folic acid should not be exposed to light, as it will disintegrate.
Folic acid assists in enzymatic processes. Folic acid is needed for the formation
of nucleic acids, red blood cells, and the overall growth and development of the
central nervous system. Dietary sources include the following: green leafy vegetables, mushrooms, liver, oranges, nuts, dried beans, egg yolks. Pregnancy and breastfeeding require an additional 400mcg and 100mcg respectively. Symptoms of long-term deficiency: anemia, fatigue, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, hair loss, mouth sores, soreness of the tongue, and poor growth in infants and children. Folic is non toxic even with excessive intake. Treatment of anemia generally requires 1000mcg {1mg} of folic acid in conjunction with vitamin B12. |
anemia {pernicious} blind loop syndrome celiac disease diet {vegetarian} dietary intake {excessive} vitamin B12 deficiency |
achlorhydria alcoholism amyloidosis anemia {hemolytic} anemia {megaloblastic} cancer celiac disease Crohn's disease diabetic enteropathy exfoliative dermatitis gluten-sensitive enteropathy hemodialysis {chronic} hepatic disease hyperthyroidism intestinal diversions jejunal/ileal bypass lymphoma malabsorption myelofibrosis scurvy tropical sprue ulcerative colitis Whipple's disease amino acid dietary excess dialysis dialysis {peritoneal} folic acid deficiency intestinal resection malnutrition nutritional deficiency pregnancy vitamin B12 deficiency vitamin B6 deficiency DRUGS: alcohol ampicillin antacids aspirin bicarbonate carbamazepine chloramphenicol cholestyramine colchicine cycloserine erythromycin estrogen ethinylestradiol acetate folic acid antagonists glutethimide H2-antagonists {chronic} isoniazid mefenamic acid metformin methotrexate neomycin nitrofurantoin oral contraceptives penicillin pentamidine phenacetin phenformin phenobarbital phenytoin primidone pyrimethamine sulfasalazine tetracycline triamterene trimethoprim |